On July 24, 2025, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled 2-1 that California’s law requiring background checks for ammunition purchases is unconstitutional, violating the Second Amendment. The court, led by Judge Sandra Ikuta, found the law “meaningfully constrains” the right to bear arms, as it rejected 11% of applicants (58,087) in 2023 alone, per U.S. District Judge Roger Benitez’s prior ruling.